Health literacy and ophthalmology: A scoping review

As of 2020, it is estimated that 43.3 million people are blind, and an additional 553 million have mild to severe vision impairment.⁵⁰ At least 1 billion worldwide have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed.⁵⁴ Poor health literacy may be a significant contributor to the prevalence of eye disease. With implications on disease burden, progression, and health outcomes, a greater understanding of the role health literacy plays in ophthalmology is needed. This is the first scoping review to assess the impact of health literacy on eye health outcomes and blindness, including ocular screening rates and/or follow-up rates, treatment adherence, and self-care practices. PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched systematically through November 12, 2021, and we evaluated the association between health literacy and ophthalmic outcomes in 4 domains: clinical outcomes, treatment adherence rates, screening and/or follow-up rates, and self-care practices. There is evidence to suggest that health literacy is associated with ophthalmic outcomes in all these domains. To better understand how health literacy impacts eye health, further longitudinal studies examining the effect of health literacy (using standardized health literacy measures) on ophthalmic outcomes are needed. We believe a specific ophthalmic health literacy survey could help achieve this goal and help target interventions to ultimately improve outcomes among ophthalmology patients.     

Perioperative allogenic blood transfusions are associated with increased fracture related infection rates,but not nonunion in operatively treated distal femur fractures

IntroductionDistal femur fractures are common injuries that remain difficult for orthopedic surgeons to treat. High complication rates, including nonunion rates as high as 24% and infection rates of 8%, can lead to increased morbidity for these patients. Allogenic blood transfusions have previously been identified as risk factors for infection in total joint arthroplasty and spinal fusion surgeries. No studies have explored the relationship between blood transfusions and fracture related infection (FRI) or nonunion in distal femur fractures.Methods418 patients with operatively treated distal femur fractures at two level I trauma centers were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics were collected including age, gender, BMI, medical comorbidities, and smoking. Injury and treatment information was also collected including open fracture, polytrauma status, implant, perioperative transfusions, FRI, and nonunion. Patients with less than three months of follow up were excluded.Results366 patients were included in final analysis. One hundred thirty-nine (38%) patients received a perioperative blood transfusion. Forty-seven (13%) nonunions and 30 (8%) FRI were identified. Allogenic blood transfusion was not associated with nonunion (13% vs 12%, P = 0.87), but was associated with FRI (15% vs 4%, P<0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis identified a dose dependent relationship between number of perioperative blood transfusions and FRI: total transfusion ≥2 U PRBC RR= 3.47(1.29, 8.10, P = 0.02), ≥3 RR= 6.99 (3.01, 12.40, P<0.001), and ≥4 RR= 8.94 (4.03, 14.42, P<0.001).DiscussionIn patients undergoing operative treatment of distal femur fractures, perioperative blood transfusions are associated with increased risk of fracture related infection, but not the development of a nonunion. This risk association increases in a dose-dependent relationship with increasing total blood transfusions received.     

DNA损伤在衰老相关疾病中的研究进展

DNA损伤是衰老相关疾病领域的研究热点, 可引起细胞周期停滞、凋亡, 加快个体衰老速度、增加衰老相关疾病的患病风险。本文将从细胞衰老和个体衰老两个层面阐述其与衰老之间的研究进展, 并综述其与衰老常见相关疾病(肿瘤、心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病)及早衰综合征的关系, 为抗衰老研究和临床干预衰老相关疾病提供理论依据。     

IL - 22与糖尿病关系的研究进展

目的 本文总结了近年来白细胞介素22 (interleukin 22, IL - 22)与糖尿病(diabetes mellitus，DM)发病关系的研究，希望能为DM的防治及病情评估提供较为可行的策略靶点。方法 本文资料来源于中国知网、PubMed等数据库，以IL - 22、糖尿病、胰岛素、糖异生等关键词进行检索得到。结果 IL - 22可增加胰岛素分泌、促进胰岛素信号转导及维持葡萄糖稳态，参与DM发生、发展及病情演变。结论 IL - 22可通过多个环节参与DM的发病及病情演变，以IL - 22为靶点对于防治DM具有重要参考价值。     

Should non-invasive diffuse main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms be treated with total pancreatectomy?

BackgroundMain-duct (MD) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is associated with malignancy risk. There is a lack of consensus on treatment (partial or total pancreatectomy) when the MD is diffusely involved. We sought to characterize the pancreatic remnant fate after partial pancreatectomy for non-invasive diffuse MD-IPMN.MethodsConsecutive patients with partial pancreatectomy for non-invasive MD-IPMN from 2004 to 2016 were analyzed. Diffuse MD-IPMN was defined by preoperative imaging as dilation of the MD in the head of the pancreas more than 5 mm and involving the whole gland.ResultsOf 127 patients with resected non-invasive MD-IPMN, 47 (37%) had diffuse MD involvement. Eleven of 47(23%) patients developed imaging evidence of progression or new cystic disease in the pancreatic remnant. Patients with diffuse MD-IPMN were older (73yrs vs 67yrs, p = 0.009), more likely to receive a pancreaticoduodenectomy (96% vs 56%, p < 0.001) and have high-grade dysplasia (51% vs 31%, p = 0.025) than those with focal MD involvement. Diffuse MD involvement was not associated with shorter PFS following partial pancreatectomy (p = 0.613).ConclusionPartial pancreatectomy is an appropriate surgical approach for diffuse MD-IPMN, and is not associated with earlier progression after surgery as compared to partial pancreatectomy for focal dilation.